EFFECTS OF MAGHNITE NANOCLAY MODIFICATION AND COMPATIBILIZATION ON THE PHYSICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)/POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-VINYL ACETATE) BLENDS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v11i1.22Keywords:
Nanocomposites; PVC; EVA; Maghnite nanoclay; Modification; Compatibilizer.Abstract
In this research work poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC), ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), and Maghnite nanoclay (MGT) were used to prepare PVC/EVA nanocomposites. The MGT clay was intercalated with octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (ODTMA) and grafted with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The blend nanocomposites were prepared through the melt mixing of PVC/EVA blend at a weight ratio of 50/50 (wt%/wt%) with 20 wt% of compatibilizer; ethylene vinyl acetate grafted with an alcohol (EVA-g-OH) and 3 wt% of modified MGT clay using a Brabender plastograph. The nanocomposites so prepared were characterized using X-ray diffraction, TGA/DTA, mechanical tests and SEM. The results showed that when PVC was blended with EVA, with the modified MGT and with the compatibilizer, synergistic effects in the thermal stability and mechanical properties were observed.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
[1] Ugel E, Giuliano G, Modesti M. poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)/clay nanocomposites: Effect of clay nature and compatibilizing agents on morphological thermal and mechanical properties. Soft Nanosci Lett., 2011, 1, 105–119.
[2] John HH, Yu-Taek S, Ki HS, and Woo N. Morphology and dynamic mechanical properties of poly (acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene)/polycarbonate/clay nanocomposites prepared by melt mixing. Compos Interfaces, 2007, 14, 519–532.
[3] Tcherbi-Narteh A, Hosur M, Jeelani S. Effects of different montmorillonite nanoclay loading on cure behavior and properties of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol an epoxy. J Nanomater., 2016(2), 1-12.
[4] Pagacz J, Pielichowski K. Preparation and characterization of PVC/montmorillonite nanocomposites-a review. J Vinyl Addit Techn., 2009, 15 (2), 61-76.
[5] Chuayjuljit S, Thongraar R, Saravari O. Nanocomposites preparation and properties of PVC/EVA/ organomodified montmorillonite. J Reinf Plast Compos., 2008, 27, 431.
[6] Leszczynska A, Pielichowski K. Application of thermal analysis methods for characterization of polymer/montmorillonite nanocomposites. J Therm Anal Cal., 2008, 93(3), 677–687.
[7] Kristóf B, Péter M, Béla P. Thermoplastic starch/layered silicate composites: Structure, interaction, properties. Compos Interfaces, 2006, 13, 1–17.
[8] Christopher ML, Graham CL, Roger NR, and Arthur NW. Evaluation of an alternative modification route for layered silicates and synthesis of poly(styrene) layered silicate nanocomposites by in-situ suspension polymerization. Compos Interfaces, 2007, 14, 361–386.
[9] Resende D, Dornelas C, Tavares MIB, and Lucio C. Preparation of modified montmorillonite with benzethonium and benzalkonium chloride for nanocomposites preparation. Chem Chem Technol., 2009, 3, 4.
[10] Wang T, Liu D, Xiong C. Synthesis of EVA-g-MAH and its compatibilization effect to PA11/PVC blends. J Mater Sci., 2007, 42, 3398–3407.
[11] Imren D, Boztug A, Yılmaz E, Zengin HB. Viscometric investigation of compatibilization of the poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) blends by terpolymer of maleic anhydride–styrene–vinyl acetate. J Mol Struct., 2008, 891, 329–332.
[12] Boussoum MO, Bensemra NB. Reduction of the additives migration from poly vinyl chloride films by the use of permanent plasticizers. J Geosci Environ Protect., 2014, 2, 49–56.
[13] Hernandez R, Pena JJ, Irusta L, and Santamaria A. The effect of a miscible and an immiscible polymeric modifier on the mechanical and rheological properties of PVC. Eur Polym J., 2000, 36, 1011–1025.
[14] Liu Y, Xie BH, Yang W, and Zhang W. Morphology and fracture behaviour of poly (vinyl chloride)/ ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer blends. Polym Test., 2007, 26, 388–395.
[15] Coleman MM, Moskala EJ, Painter PC, et al. A Fourier transform infra-red study of the phase behaviour of polymer blends. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer blends with poly (vinyl chloride) and chlorinated polyethylene. Polymer, 1983, 24, 1410–1414.
[16] Michalski MC, Hardy JL, Saramago BJV. On the surface free energy of PVC/EVA polymer blends: Comparison of different calculation methods. J Colloid Interface Sci., 1998, 208, 319–328.
[17] Soudais Y, Moga L, Blazek J, and Lemort F. Coupled DTA–TGA–FT-IR investigation of pyrolytic decomposition of EVA, PVC and cellulose. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 2007, 78, 46–57.
[18] Goodarzi V, Jafari SH, Khonakdar HA, and Ghalei B. Assessment of role of morphology in gas permselectivity of membranes based on polypropylene/ethylene vinyl acetate/clay nanocomposite. J Membr Sci., 2013, 445, 76–87.
[19] An Q F, Qian JW, Sun HB, and Wang LN. Compatibility of PVC/EVA blends and the pervaporation of their blend membranes for benzene/cyclohexane mixtures. J Membr Sci., 2003, 222, 113–122.
[20] Bureau E, Cabot C, Marais S, and Saiter JM. Study of the a-relaxation of PVC, and 50/50 EVA70/PVC blend. Eur Polym J., 2005, 41, 1152–1158.
[21] Thaumaturgo C, Monteiro EC. Thermal stability and miscibility in PVC/EVA blends. J Therm Anal., 1997, 49, 247-254.
[22] Corradini E, Rubira FA, Muniz EC. Miscibility of PVC/EVA hydrolyzed blends by viscosimetric, microscopic and thermal analysis. Eur Polym., 1997; 33, 1651–1658.
[23] Ren J, Huang Y, Liu Y, and Tang X. Preparation, characterization and properties of poly (vinyl chloride)/compatibilizer/organophilic–montmorillonite nanocomposites by melt intercalation. Polym Test., 2005, 24 (3), 316–323.
[24] Rzayev MO. graft copolymers of maleic anhydride and its isostructural analogues: high performance engineering materials. Int Rev Chem Eng., 2011, 3, 153–215.
[25] Bellamy LJ. The infrared spectra of complexes molecules, John Wiley & Sons. New York, 1984.
[26] Frost RL, Mendelovici E. Modification of Fibrous Silicates Surfaces with Organic Derivatives: An Infrared Spectroscopic Study. J Colloid Interface Sci., 2006, 294 (1), 47–52.
[27] Yoshiaki F.X-Ray Diffraction study of aqueous montmorillonite emulsions. Clays Clay Miner.,198, 32(4), 320–326.
[28] David IF, Shankland K, McCusker LB. Structure determination from powder diffraction data. Oxford university press, Oxford, 2002.
[29] Yamada H, Nakazawa H, Yoshioka K, and Fujita T. Smectites in the montmorillonite-beidellite series. Clay Miner., 1991, 26, 359–369.
[30] Mousa A. Studies on rheological behaviour of thermoplastic elastomer derived from PVC and NBR using Torque rheometry. Iran Polym J., 2004, 13 (6), 455-461.
[31] Peprnicek T, Duchet J, Kovarova L, and Malac J. Poly (vinyl chloride)/clay nanocomposites: X-ray diffraction, thermal and rheological behavior. Polym degrad stab., 2006, 91, 1855–1860.
[32] Saeedi M, Ghasemi I, Karrabi M. Thermal degradation of poly (vinyl chloride): Effect of nanoclay and low density polyethylene content. Iran Polym J., 2011, 20, 423–432.
[33] Munteanu D, Turcu SJ. Evaluation of kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition of polyethylene-vinyl acetate graft copolymers, Thermal Anal., 1981, 20, 281.
[34] Alexandre M, Dubois P .Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials. Mater Sci Eng., 2000, 28, 1–63.
[35] Miranda R., Yang J, Roy CH, and Vasile C. Vacuum pyrolysis of PVC - I. Kinetic study. Polym degrad stab., 1999, 64, 127–144.
[36] Marcilla A, Beltrán M. Thermogravimetric kinetic study of poly(vinylchloride) pyrolysis. Polym degrad stab, 1995, 117–124.
[37] Beyer G. Flame retardancy of thermoplastic polyurethane and polyvinyl chloride by organoclay. J Fire Sci., 2007, 25, 65-78.
[38] Peeterbroeck S, Alexandre M, Jerome R, and Dubois Ph. Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)/clay nanocomposites: Effect of clay nature and organic modifiers on morphology, mechanical and thermal properties. Polym Degrad Stab., 2005, 90, 288–294.
[39] Balta Calleja F J, Fakirov S. Microhardness of Polymers; Solid State Science Series. Cambridge. University Press: Cambridge, England.2000, 1, 3.
[40] Adhikari R, Michler GH, Cagiao ME, and Balta Calleja FJ .Micromechanical studies of styrene/butadiene block copolymer blends. J Polym Eng., 2003, 23, 0250–8079.
[41] Santa Cruz C, Balta Calleja FJ. Mechanical properties and structure of glassy and semicrystalline random copolymers of poly (ethylene terephthalate) and poly (ethylene naphthalene-2.6-dicarboxylate). J Mater Sci., 1992, 27, 2161–2164.
[42] Azzurri F, Flores A, Alfonso GC, and Balta Calleja FJ. Polymorphism of isotactic poly (1-butene) as revealed by microindentation hardness.1.kinetics of the transformation. Macromolecules, 2002, 35, 9069–9073.
[43] Balta Calleja FJ. Characterization of Polymers in the Solid State Part B: Mechanical Methods. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 1985, pp. 117-148.
[44] Hajir Bahrami S, Mirzaie Z. Polypropylene/Modified Nanoclay Composite-Processing and Dyeability Properties. World Appl. Sci J., 2011, 13, 493–501.
[2] John HH, Yu-Taek S, Ki HS, and Woo N. Morphology and dynamic mechanical properties of poly (acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene)/polycarbonate/clay nanocomposites prepared by melt mixing. Compos Interfaces, 2007, 14, 519–532.
[3] Tcherbi-Narteh A, Hosur M, Jeelani S. Effects of different montmorillonite nanoclay loading on cure behavior and properties of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol an epoxy. J Nanomater., 2016(2), 1-12.
[4] Pagacz J, Pielichowski K. Preparation and characterization of PVC/montmorillonite nanocomposites-a review. J Vinyl Addit Techn., 2009, 15 (2), 61-76.
[5] Chuayjuljit S, Thongraar R, Saravari O. Nanocomposites preparation and properties of PVC/EVA/ organomodified montmorillonite. J Reinf Plast Compos., 2008, 27, 431.
[6] Leszczynska A, Pielichowski K. Application of thermal analysis methods for characterization of polymer/montmorillonite nanocomposites. J Therm Anal Cal., 2008, 93(3), 677–687.
[7] Kristóf B, Péter M, Béla P. Thermoplastic starch/layered silicate composites: Structure, interaction, properties. Compos Interfaces, 2006, 13, 1–17.
[8] Christopher ML, Graham CL, Roger NR, and Arthur NW. Evaluation of an alternative modification route for layered silicates and synthesis of poly(styrene) layered silicate nanocomposites by in-situ suspension polymerization. Compos Interfaces, 2007, 14, 361–386.
[9] Resende D, Dornelas C, Tavares MIB, and Lucio C. Preparation of modified montmorillonite with benzethonium and benzalkonium chloride for nanocomposites preparation. Chem Chem Technol., 2009, 3, 4.
[10] Wang T, Liu D, Xiong C. Synthesis of EVA-g-MAH and its compatibilization effect to PA11/PVC blends. J Mater Sci., 2007, 42, 3398–3407.
[11] Imren D, Boztug A, Yılmaz E, Zengin HB. Viscometric investigation of compatibilization of the poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) blends by terpolymer of maleic anhydride–styrene–vinyl acetate. J Mol Struct., 2008, 891, 329–332.
[12] Boussoum MO, Bensemra NB. Reduction of the additives migration from poly vinyl chloride films by the use of permanent plasticizers. J Geosci Environ Protect., 2014, 2, 49–56.
[13] Hernandez R, Pena JJ, Irusta L, and Santamaria A. The effect of a miscible and an immiscible polymeric modifier on the mechanical and rheological properties of PVC. Eur Polym J., 2000, 36, 1011–1025.
[14] Liu Y, Xie BH, Yang W, and Zhang W. Morphology and fracture behaviour of poly (vinyl chloride)/ ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer blends. Polym Test., 2007, 26, 388–395.
[15] Coleman MM, Moskala EJ, Painter PC, et al. A Fourier transform infra-red study of the phase behaviour of polymer blends. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer blends with poly (vinyl chloride) and chlorinated polyethylene. Polymer, 1983, 24, 1410–1414.
[16] Michalski MC, Hardy JL, Saramago BJV. On the surface free energy of PVC/EVA polymer blends: Comparison of different calculation methods. J Colloid Interface Sci., 1998, 208, 319–328.
[17] Soudais Y, Moga L, Blazek J, and Lemort F. Coupled DTA–TGA–FT-IR investigation of pyrolytic decomposition of EVA, PVC and cellulose. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 2007, 78, 46–57.
[18] Goodarzi V, Jafari SH, Khonakdar HA, and Ghalei B. Assessment of role of morphology in gas permselectivity of membranes based on polypropylene/ethylene vinyl acetate/clay nanocomposite. J Membr Sci., 2013, 445, 76–87.
[19] An Q F, Qian JW, Sun HB, and Wang LN. Compatibility of PVC/EVA blends and the pervaporation of their blend membranes for benzene/cyclohexane mixtures. J Membr Sci., 2003, 222, 113–122.
[20] Bureau E, Cabot C, Marais S, and Saiter JM. Study of the a-relaxation of PVC, and 50/50 EVA70/PVC blend. Eur Polym J., 2005, 41, 1152–1158.
[21] Thaumaturgo C, Monteiro EC. Thermal stability and miscibility in PVC/EVA blends. J Therm Anal., 1997, 49, 247-254.
[22] Corradini E, Rubira FA, Muniz EC. Miscibility of PVC/EVA hydrolyzed blends by viscosimetric, microscopic and thermal analysis. Eur Polym., 1997; 33, 1651–1658.
[23] Ren J, Huang Y, Liu Y, and Tang X. Preparation, characterization and properties of poly (vinyl chloride)/compatibilizer/organophilic–montmorillonite nanocomposites by melt intercalation. Polym Test., 2005, 24 (3), 316–323.
[24] Rzayev MO. graft copolymers of maleic anhydride and its isostructural analogues: high performance engineering materials. Int Rev Chem Eng., 2011, 3, 153–215.
[25] Bellamy LJ. The infrared spectra of complexes molecules, John Wiley & Sons. New York, 1984.
[26] Frost RL, Mendelovici E. Modification of Fibrous Silicates Surfaces with Organic Derivatives: An Infrared Spectroscopic Study. J Colloid Interface Sci., 2006, 294 (1), 47–52.
[27] Yoshiaki F.X-Ray Diffraction study of aqueous montmorillonite emulsions. Clays Clay Miner.,198, 32(4), 320–326.
[28] David IF, Shankland K, McCusker LB. Structure determination from powder diffraction data. Oxford university press, Oxford, 2002.
[29] Yamada H, Nakazawa H, Yoshioka K, and Fujita T. Smectites in the montmorillonite-beidellite series. Clay Miner., 1991, 26, 359–369.
[30] Mousa A. Studies on rheological behaviour of thermoplastic elastomer derived from PVC and NBR using Torque rheometry. Iran Polym J., 2004, 13 (6), 455-461.
[31] Peprnicek T, Duchet J, Kovarova L, and Malac J. Poly (vinyl chloride)/clay nanocomposites: X-ray diffraction, thermal and rheological behavior. Polym degrad stab., 2006, 91, 1855–1860.
[32] Saeedi M, Ghasemi I, Karrabi M. Thermal degradation of poly (vinyl chloride): Effect of nanoclay and low density polyethylene content. Iran Polym J., 2011, 20, 423–432.
[33] Munteanu D, Turcu SJ. Evaluation of kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition of polyethylene-vinyl acetate graft copolymers, Thermal Anal., 1981, 20, 281.
[34] Alexandre M, Dubois P .Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials. Mater Sci Eng., 2000, 28, 1–63.
[35] Miranda R., Yang J, Roy CH, and Vasile C. Vacuum pyrolysis of PVC - I. Kinetic study. Polym degrad stab., 1999, 64, 127–144.
[36] Marcilla A, Beltrán M. Thermogravimetric kinetic study of poly(vinylchloride) pyrolysis. Polym degrad stab, 1995, 117–124.
[37] Beyer G. Flame retardancy of thermoplastic polyurethane and polyvinyl chloride by organoclay. J Fire Sci., 2007, 25, 65-78.
[38] Peeterbroeck S, Alexandre M, Jerome R, and Dubois Ph. Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)/clay nanocomposites: Effect of clay nature and organic modifiers on morphology, mechanical and thermal properties. Polym Degrad Stab., 2005, 90, 288–294.
[39] Balta Calleja F J, Fakirov S. Microhardness of Polymers; Solid State Science Series. Cambridge. University Press: Cambridge, England.2000, 1, 3.
[40] Adhikari R, Michler GH, Cagiao ME, and Balta Calleja FJ .Micromechanical studies of styrene/butadiene block copolymer blends. J Polym Eng., 2003, 23, 0250–8079.
[41] Santa Cruz C, Balta Calleja FJ. Mechanical properties and structure of glassy and semicrystalline random copolymers of poly (ethylene terephthalate) and poly (ethylene naphthalene-2.6-dicarboxylate). J Mater Sci., 1992, 27, 2161–2164.
[42] Azzurri F, Flores A, Alfonso GC, and Balta Calleja FJ. Polymorphism of isotactic poly (1-butene) as revealed by microindentation hardness.1.kinetics of the transformation. Macromolecules, 2002, 35, 9069–9073.
[43] Balta Calleja FJ. Characterization of Polymers in the Solid State Part B: Mechanical Methods. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 1985, pp. 117-148.
[44] Hajir Bahrami S, Mirzaie Z. Polypropylene/Modified Nanoclay Composite-Processing and Dyeability Properties. World Appl. Sci J., 2011, 13, 493–501.
Downloads
Published
2018-12-21
How to Cite
BOUAZIZ, I.; DOUFNOUNE, R.; HADDAOUI, N.; BENACHOUR, D.; BALTÄ-CALLEJA, F. J. EFFECTS OF MAGHNITE NANOCLAY MODIFICATION AND COMPATIBILIZATION ON THE PHYSICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)/POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-VINYL ACETATE) BLENDS. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 1, p. 325–349, 2018. DOI: 10.4314/jfas.v11i1.22. Disponível em: https://www.jfas.info/index.php/JFAS/article/view/150. Acesso em: 18 oct. 2025.
Issue
Section
Articles
Submissions
